Phosphorus (P) in an essential nutrient for animals and is vital for a variety of metabolic processes including genetic coding, energy transformations, and permeability of cellular membranes. Consequently, a dietary deficiency of P can result in detrimental effects on fish growth and immunocompetence, ultimately affecting the health and survival of farmed fish. On the other hand, feeds containing excess P will support increased excretion of this element to receiving waters, contributing to eutrophication processes and reducing the carrying capacity of aquaculture production systems.

Concerns over P concentration and availability in feeds for aquatic animals have increased in recent years...